J (ジェイ, Jei, Viz: Jay) is a shinobi of Kumogakure. J seems to be a very brave man, or at least very loyal, as seen when he willingly trailed Sasuke Uchiha and his team by himself. I have a J&C Fischer upright piano, serial number 147714. It has been pretty well maintained since my mom got it in 1950. Before her, it belonged to an elderly lady. J & C Fischer Gothic style baby grand piano dated to 1926-1927. This piano carries serial number 154100. This very special piano does need to be re-finished.

The Jprogramming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui,^[4][5] is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FLfunction-level languages created by John Backus.^[6]

To avoid repeating the APL special-character problem, J uses only the basic ASCII character set, resorting to the use of the dot and colon as inflections^[7] to form short words similar to digraphs. Most such primary (or primitive) J words serve as mathematical symbols, with the dot or colon extending the meaning of the basic characters available. Also, many characters which in other languages often must be paired (such as [] {} ' `` or <>) are treated by J as stand-alone words or, when inflected, as single-character roots of multi-character words.

J is a very terse array programming language, and is most suited to mathematical and statistical programming, especially when performing operations on matrices. It has also been used in extreme programming^[8] and network performance analysis.^[9]

Like the original FP/FL languages, J supports function-level programming via its tacit programming features.

Unlike most languages that support object-oriented programming, J's flexible hierarchical namespace scheme (where every name exists in a specific locale) can be effectively used as a framework for both class-based and prototype-based object-oriented programming.

Since March 2011, J is free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3).^[10][11][12] One may also purchase source under a negotiated license.^[13]

Examples[edit]

J permits point-free style and function composition. Thus, its programs can be very terse and are considered difficult to read by some programmers.

The 'Hello, World!' program in J is

Blue Book Of Piano Serial Numbers

This implementation of hello world reflects the traditional use of J – programs are entered into a J interpreter session, and the results of expressions are displayed. It's also possible to arrange for J scripts to be executed as standalone programs. Here's how this might look on a Unix system:

Historically, APL used / to indicate the fold, so +/1 2 3 was equivalent to 1+2+3. Meanwhile, division was represented with the classic mathematical division symbol (the obelus, ÷), which was implemented by overstriking a minus sign and a colon (on both EBCDIC and ASCII paper text terminals). Because ASCII in general does not support overstrikes in a device-independent way, and does not include a division symbol per se, J uses % to represent division, as a visual approximation or reminder. (This illustrates something of the mnemonic character of J's tokens, and some of the quandaries imposed by the use of ASCII.)

Defining a J function named avg to calculate the average of a list of numbers yields:

This is a test execution of the function:

# counts the number of items in the array. +/ sums the itemsof the array. % divides the sum by the number of items. Above, avg is defined using a train of three verbs (+/, %, and #) termed a fork. Specifically (V0 V1 V2) Ny is the same as (V0(Ny)) V1 (V2(Ny)) which shows some of the power of J. (Here V0, V1, and V2 denote verbs and Ny denotes a noun.)

Some examples of using avg:

Rank is a crucial concept in J. Its significance in J is similar to the significance of select in SQL and of while in C.

Implementing quicksort, from the J Dictionary yields:

The following is an implementation of quicksort demonstrating tacit programming. The later involves composing functions together and not referring explicitly to any variables. J's support for forks and hooks dictates rules on how arguments applied to this function will be applied to its component functions.

Sorting in J is usually accomplished using the built-in (primitive) verbs /: (sort up) and : (sort down). User-defined sorts such as quicksort, above, typically are for illustration only.

The following example demonstrates the usage of the self-reference verb $: to recursively calculate fibonacci numbers:

This recursion can also be accomplished by referring to the verb by name, although this is of course only possible if the verb is named:

The following expression exhibits pi with n digits and demonstrates the extended precision abilities of J:

Data types and structures[edit]

J supports three simple types:

• Numeric
• Literal (Character)
• Boxed

Of these, numeric has the most variants.

One of J's numeric types is the bit. There are two bit values: 0, and 1. Also, bits can be formed into lists. For example, 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 is a list of eight bits. Syntactically, the J parser treats that as one word. (The space character is recognized as a word-forming character between what would otherwise be numeric words.) Lists of arbitrary length are supported.

Further, J supports all the usual binary operations on these lists, such as and, or, exclusive or, rotate, shift, not, etc. For example,

J also supports higher order arrays of bits. They can be formed into two-dimensional, three-dimensional, etc. arrays. The above operations perform equally well on these arrays.

Other numeric types include integer (e.g., 3, 42), floating point (3.14, 8.8e22), complex (0j1, 2.5j3e88), extended precision integer (12345678901234567890x), and (extended precision) rational fraction (1r2, 3r4). As with bits, these can be formed into lists or arbitrarily dimensioned arrays. As with bits, operations are performed on all numbers in an array.

Lists of bits can be converted to integer using the #. verb. Integers can be converted to lists of bits using the #: verb. (When parsing J, . (period) and : (colon) are word-forming characters. They are never tokens alone, unless preceded by whitespace characters.)

J also supports the literal (character) type. Literals are enclosed in quotes, for example, 'a' or 'b'. Lists of literals are also supported using the usual convention of putting multiple characters in quotes, such as 'abcdefg'. Typically, individual literals are 8-bits wide (ASCII), but J also supports other literals (Unicode). Numeric and boolean operations are not supported on literals, but collection-oriented operations (such as rotate) are supported.

Finally, there is a boxed data type. Typically, data is put in a box using the < operation (with no left argument; if there's a left argument, this would be the less than operation). This is analogous to C's & operation (with no left argument). However, where the result of C's & has reference semantics, the result of J's < has value semantics. In other words, < is a function and it produces a result. The result has 0 dimensions, regardless of the structure of the contained data. From the viewpoint of a J programmer, <puts the data into a box and allows working with an array of boxes (it can be assembled with other boxes, and/or more copies can be made of the box).

The only collection type offered by J is the arbitrarily dimensioned array. Most algorithms can be expressed very concisely using operations on these arrays.

J's arrays are homogeneously typed, for example the list 1 2 3 is a list of integers despite 1 being a bit. For the most part, these sorts of type issues are transparent to programmers. Only certain specialized operations reveal differences in type. For example, the list 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 would be treated exactly the same, by most operations, as the list 1 0 1 0 .

J also supports sparse numeric arrays where non-zero values are stored with their indices. This is an efficient mechanism where relatively few values are non-zero.

J also supports objects and classes,^[14] but these are an artifact of the way things are named, and are not data types. Instead, boxed literals are used to refer to objects (and classes). J data has value semantics, but objects and classes need reference semantics.^{[citation needed]}

Another pseudo-type—associated with name, rather than value—is the memory mapped file.

Documentation[edit]

J's documentation includes a dictionary, with words in J identified as nouns, verbs, modifiers, and so on. Primary words are listed in the vocabulary, in which their respective parts of speech are indicated using markup. Note that verbs have two forms: monadic (arguments only on the right) and dyadic (arguments on the left and on the right). For example, in '-1' the hyphen is a monadic verb, and in '3-2' the hyphen is a dyadic verb. The monadic definition is mostly independent of the dyadic definition, regardless of whether the verb is a primitive verb or a derived verb.

Control structures[edit]

J provides control structures (details here) similar to other procedural languages. Prominent control words in each category include:

• assert.
• break.
• continue.
• for.
• goto_label.
• if. else. elseif.
• return.
• select. case.
• throw.
• try. catch.
• while. whilst.

See also[edit]

• K (programming language) – another APL-influenced language
• Q – The language of KDB+ and a new merged version of K and KSQL.

References[edit]

1. ^'J807 release 8 October 2018'.
2. ^Wes McKinney at 2012 meeting Python for Data Analysis
3. ^SuperCollider documentation, Adverbs for Binary Operators
4. ^A Personal View of APL, 1991 essay by K.E. Iverson (archived link)
5. ^Overview of J history by Roger Hui (19 March 2002)
6. ^Thomson, Iain (20 March 2007). 'Creator of Fortran dies'. v3.co.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
7. ^J NuVoc Words
8. ^Bussell, Brian; Taylor, Stephen (2006), 'Software Development as a Collaborative Writing Project', Extreme programming and agile processes in software engineering, Oulu, Finland: Springer, pp. 21–31, ISBN978-3-540-35094-1Missing or empty |title= (help)
9. ^Holt, Alan (2007), Network Performance Analysis: Using the J Programming Language, Springer, ISBN978-1-84628-822-7
10. ^Jsoftware's source download page
11. ^Eric Iverson (1 March 2011). 'J Source GPL'. J programming mailing list.
12. ^openj on GitHub
13. ^Jsoftware's sourcing policy
14. ^Chapter 25: Object-Oriented Programming

External links[edit]

• Official website – JSoftware, creators of J
• Openj on GitHub – Repository
• Learning J – An Introduction to the J Programming Language by Roger Stokes

Antique Piano Guide

This guide (listed below) is designed to give information about specific American piano manufacturers and more, during the last 183 years or so.Antique Pianos, Grand Pianos, Upright Pianos, Square GrandsPianos, complex machines with thousands of moving parts, are also works of art. Pianos are known for their durability, but over time gradual wear and deterioration take a toll on the condition of all pianos, whether regularly serviced or not. Antique piano restorations and the restoring, rebuilding, refurbishing and reconditioning of antique pianos are many ways in which the piano can be put back into a playable and usable condition. This extensive work is recommended for most high-quality and well made instruments from the past as these unique and highly valued instruments should be preserved for all future generations to enjoy and appreciate.

Antique Piano Information and Restoration Guide

When should your piano need restoration or rebuilding? Much depends on the quality of the original manufacturer. With over 200 piano manufacturers in the early 20 th century there are many well built and wonderfully sounding instruments to choose from. The best way to determine is to have a qualified technician evaluate the piano for being a potential restoration candidate.Some items to consider:

• Current condition of the piano
• Quality and type of piano
• Cost of repairs compared to replacement
• Sentimental value

More about the piano restoration process available on our restoration page. Also there is more information on antique pianos beginnings in history

Antique Pianos

This is only a partial listing of more than 200 piano manufacturers during the 19th & 20th century’s. We have gathered information for some of them from our own experiences. If you have something to add please contact us with your piano information. This page is ever changing so check back occasionally for updates.

Aeolian

1932

New York

Many Piano company names were controlled by Aeolian. more info

American

1908

Rochester

Helped create the Aeolian Piano Co. more info

Ampico

1916

New York

A reproducing system for player pianos of many makes.

Apollo

1901

DeKalb

A quality reproducing piano manufactured by the Welte Player Piano Co.

Autopiano

1903

New York

A highly successful world-renown player piano maker winning numerous award. more info

Francis Bacon

1789

New York

Won a prize at the Philadelphia Worlds Fair in 1876 more info

Baldwin

1862

Cincinnati

The Baldwin company was started by a music teacher. more info

Bechstein

1853

Berlin

Makers of fine German pianos

Becker Bros.

1892

New York

A high quality piano worthy of rebuilding more info

Beckwith

Made for Sears & Roebuck

Behning

1861

New York

Behr Bros.

1881

New York

Won an award at the New Orleans Exposition in 1885, Melbourne Australia in 1888 and Chicago in 1893 more info

Bentley

1930

England

Founded by Douglas Grover, a third generation piano builder, the Bentley Piano Company is a British piano manufacturer more info

Bluthner

1853

Leipzig

Remains under management by the original family to this day more info

Bosendorfer

1828

Vienna

One of the most expensive pianos. more info

Brambach

1823

New York

This is Kohler & Campbells’ budget line of piano

Broadwood

1728

London

John Broadwood developed the grand piano touch we use today more info

Bush & Gerts

1884

Rockford

They created the “Grandette” and the “Midgette Grand” more info

Bush & Lane

1901

Chicago

Unique in its clarity of tone in even its smallest of grand pianos. more info

Hobart M. Cable

1900

La Porte

The budget model line of the Story & Clark Piano Co.

Cable Nelson

1903

Chicago

The low priced companion of the Everett Piano Co.

Cable

1880

New York

Due to its rugged build it was adopted for use in many schools across America. more info

Chase A.B.

1875

Norwalk

The factory took up to two years to produce each piano making this a worthwhile rebuilding prospect. more info

Chickering

1823

Boston

First manufacturer in US. Advertisement w/sketch of factorymore info

Decker Bros.

1862

New York

Erard

1777

Paris

An early maker of the Square Grand whose improvements are used in today’s pianos. more info

Estey

1869

New York

Invented a superior bridge for the strings to cross over, thus providing a much clearer tone. more info

Everett

1883

Boston

Between 1973-1986 Everett pianos were made by Yamaha. more info

Fazioli

1981

Italy

Founded in Sacile, Italy by Paolo Fazioli …… more info

Fischer J & C

1840

New York

In 1896 they celebrated their 100,000th piano produced from their factory. more info

French Jesse

1875

Nashville

Invented the Dulcet Tone whereby a damper will leave one string open, thus creating a peculiar sympathetic tone quality.

Gabler

1854

New York

Mr. Gabler was a very hands-on factory owner, spending many hours each day overseeing his production.

Gulbransen

1904

Chicago

Known for its player piano actions. more info

Haines Bros.

1851

New York

Once known as the “College Piano” because of the numerous universities using this brand of piano. more info

Hallet & Davis

1835

Boston

Franz Liszt performed on one and Pope Pius X bought one for the Vatican. more info

Hardman

1842

New York

Known for the artistic beauty of its case and also its remarkable durability. more info

Hazelton Bros.

1840

New York

Famous for its inclusion of the Welte-Mignon player mechanism. more info

Ivers & Pond

1880

Boston

A highly regarded name ultimately made by the Aeolian Co. more info

Kimball

1857

Chicago

A poor Maine farm boy, Kimball sold pianos to Western pioneers in the mid 1800’s. more info

Knabe

1839

Baltimore

Once part of the Mason&Hamlin family. more info

Kohler & Campbell

1894

New York

Built pianos in North Carolina and close their business in 1985. more info

Krakauer

1869

New York

A highly esteemed piano back in its day closed shop in 1985 too. more info

Kranich & Bach

1864

New York

In 1937 they produced the smallest console which stood only 3 foot 3 inches. more info

Lester

1888

Philadelphia

Introduced plastics in their pianos after WWII causing many problems. Fortunately this problem can be remedied if you purchase an older Lester Piano.

Lindeman

1836

New York

2nd manufacturer in US. more info

Ludwig

1889

New York

Introduced the Unit Valve Player Action which greatly improved maintenance. more info

Lyon & Healy

1864

Chicago

Is best known for its beautiful harps. more info

Marshall & Wendell

1836

Albany

Highly sought after in the used piano market, especially if equipped with an Ampico Player Unit.

Mason & Hamlin

1854

Boston

They were once considered Steinway&Sons chief competitor. more info

Mathushek

1863

New York

Invented the “over-stringing” of the modern piano. more info

Mehlin & Sons

1889

New York

Famous for their beautiful artistic cases.

Henry F. Miller

1863

Wakefield

Petrof

1864

Hradec Kralove

Produced in the Czech Republic.

Schimmel

1885

Leipzig

Europeans largest piano maker.

Sohmer

1872

New York

Sohmer was family owned for over 100 years. more info

Starr

1872

Richmond

Produced a 5 ft. 2 in. grand piano using the copyrighted trademark name “Minimum” more info

Steck George

1857

New York

Holds a high place as an old standard in the piano world. more info

Steinway

1853

New York

Sterling

1866

Derby

A characteristically American brand of piano. more info

Stieff Chas. M.

1842

Baltimore

Very heavy more info

Story & Clark

1859

Burlington

Was once owned by a furniture Company. more info

Vose & Sons

1851

Boston

This firm was operated by Mr. James W. Vose, a great president among piano manufacturers. more info

J And C Fischer Piano

Waldorf

1896

New York

This piano company controlled the production of the AutoPiano Co.

Weber & Co.

1852

New York

One of the many piano companies controlled by Aeolian Piano Co. more info

Wing & Son

1873

New York

Wing & Son Piano Manufacturing Company more info

Wissner

1878

New York

Owned by Mr. Otto Wissner who was another tireless executive with a high ambition to excel.

Wurlitzer

1856

New York

Developed the spinet piano and the also the first electronic piano. more info

Yamaha

1887

Japan

Worlds largest piano producer. (started their career making Reed Organs.) more info

More Information

Aeolian

An automatic piano player in a cabinet with reeds for organ or keyboard was patented in 1897. They were marketed with the “Aeriol Pianos” name. T.P. Brown , who is given the credit, sold the patents to the Aeolian Company.The Aeolian Company established a factory for making pianos in Gotha, Germany for Steck pianos and later built a factory near London to make the Weber pianos.Albert Weber from Bavaria came to New York, age 16, and began soon to have the name of a thorough piano maker as well as a perfect performer. He spared no expense to have the best workmen and talent to make pianos giving him the name of a second to none .He succeeded in producing the “Weber tone.” Continued work and strain of doing so much by himself brought his early death. The fame of the Weber piano still continues for its quality.

American

The American Piano Company of New York is the combination of several factories under its leadership. Factories such as Chickering, Knabe, Haines, Marshall and Wendell, Foster, Armstrong, Brewster and Cook. It has warehouses in New York, Boston, Baltimore and Washington. It distributes its products through dealers.

Autopiano Company

This company has produced a player piano of distinctly original construction and quality. It began because of the demand for a reliable player action. Now it is one of the largest producers of player pianos.

Francis Bacon

The Bacon Piano Company is one of the founders of the piano industry in America. It began in 1820 with Robert Stodert and after George Bacon died, his son Francis entered as a partner in 1904 when the company took the name of Bacon Piano Company.

Baldwin

In 1866 D.H. Baldwin was a music teacher selling Decker Brothers pianos in Cincinnati. In 1873 this business became D.H. Baldwin and Company.Expansion was begun with stores in other cities. Hamilton Organ Company being organized, but later becoming incorporated into the Baldwin Company.After Baldwin died, his two partners, Wulsin and Armstrong, began the development of the artistic Balwin piano. The manufacturing plant is kept scrupulously clean and decorated with architectural design. At the 1900 Paris Exposition , Baldwin took the highest prizes as in most cases where it is presented. The Baldwin piano is an art product, its tone boundless.

Becker

Jacob Becker went from Germany to Russia where he established his business in 1841. He was a thinker and experimented with innovations. His concert grands were excellent and used by leading virtuosos. He retired in 1871, but his business continued receiving appointment as purveyor to the Emperors of Russia and Austria, king of Denmark and Grand Dukes of Russia. The business continues under Carl Schroder.

Behning

Born in Germany, Henry Behning learned piano making and came to America in 1856. Including his son in the business in 1880, they became Henry Behning and Son, which was changed to Behning Piano Company after his death. This company makes a good commercial piano.

Behr

The Behr Brothers Piano Company is located in New York and manufactures meritorious pianos.

Bentley

Established in 1930, Douglas Grover, who originally began building pianos in 1906 under several different names, finally started the Bentley Piano Company with his son immediately following the success of his overstrung design in a grand piano frame. The company stayed within the family until acquired by Whelpdale Maxwell and Codd Ltd. in 1993. And more recently, in 2003, the Bentley name was acquired by InterMusic of Dorset, England. All Bentley pianos are produced solely in England.

Bluthner

Julius Bluthner of Leipsic used the Conservatory of Music to his advantage by informing the world by the students as they went out into the world that the Bluthner pianos were such high quality. He received prizes from the world’s expositions for his new concept of piano. He begun his study under Bretschneider, a builder of grand pianos.The Bluthner art grand is impressive with its boldness in design.Bluthner had excellent hearing and could “voice” a piano better than anyone. He developed the “Aliquot System,” a system to enhance volume and quality of the upper octaves. He also invented a grand action. He was honored by rulers of several countries.Bluthner co-authored a book in German on the care and construction of the piano, materials, tools, and machinery for making the piano.

Bosendorfer

Ludwig Bosendorfer of Vienna built concert grands 10 feet in length containing 8 octaves. Among the names of grand , grand pianos is that of Bosendorfer. The son, Ludwig, improved on the grand of his father by accepting modern ideas while keeping the Vienna tone. These pianos are preferred by leading virtuosos and ranks foremost in artistic pianos produced. The Emperor of Austria conferred highest honors on the younger Bosendorfer. The Vienna piano and organ makers have an association for themselves. Ludwig Bosendorfer is the only honorary member.

Broadwood

John patented in 1827 a combination iron string plate for the grand piano with iron bars which was almost a full iron frame. He had made in 1791 a square piano. John was born in Scotland but came to England where he married a piano maker’s daughter eventually gaining control of the company. The business of Broadwood was a gathering place for leaders in his field. He gained much from their intellect. After his death his son James took control. He continued the gatherings including Beethoven, who greatly loved the Broadwood piano. Henry Fowler Broadwood succeeded James with the same inventions and intellect of friends. Chopin gave his last recital in England at the Broadwood house. Walter Stewart and Thomas Broadwood joined the Broadwood business. Six generations have guided the Broadwood name. They once had taken the lead in England with player pianos. Every part of their player pianos are manufactured within their own factory. Broadwood now makes a barless steel frame for the grand and upright pianos. This permits the soundboard and strings to vibrate unhampered.

Bush and Gerts

William H. Bush born in Maryland began using the railroad to transport vegetables from his fathers’ farm to market. He then had a lumber yard in Chicago which burned. Finally he went into partnership with his son and John Gerts to manufacture pianos. The younger Bush had studied with Woods and Company and with Kimball Company. John Gerts learned piano making in Germany.The Bush Temple of Music is a tribute to the elder Bush. The Conservatory of Music is a tribute to William L, the younger Bush.Bush and Gerts Piano Company upholds and defends the ethics of the piano business. The company insists the makers name should be on every piano and a fixed price shown by the maker.Bush and LaneIn the U.S., this is one of the manufacturers of high –grade pianos in the west.

Cable

Cable began a career in teaching but later joined the Wolfinger Organ Company. He used his previous work to the piano production joining with Conover. His business advanced, but after his two brothers joined him and his work drained him, he died. The business became known as the Cable Company which in 20 years was a leader in the U.S.Chase, A.B.

The Chase company began by making organs. Calvin Whitney began the company with $400. Ten years later he was making pianos and made the aristano grand player piano.Calvin’s son has taken over the company.The Chase Piano started in Indiana, joined with Hackley Piano Company a few years later and they became leaders from the Muskegon area.

Chickering

Babcock had a full iron frame for the piano . Jonas Chickering improved it and was granted a patent for it. He was a mechanical genius.At the World’s Fair, London, 1851, he showed the first American pianos in Europe receiving highest honors. Chickering Hall in New York was his use of concert work. Jonas had talents for inventing and constructing. He worked out all details before beginning with the mechanics. His factory burned, but he rebuilt and now is considered one of the best for its purpose. Chickering had educated his three sons in piano making. The oldest died prematurely. The second son was not in good health. He took a voyage to India and took pianos which he sold, thus becoming the first exporter of American made pianos. Chickerings son went to London with his father where he acquired great knowledge of the pianos. Chickering Hall was built in New York where many musical greats made use of the Chickering pianos. It later was demolished for other businesses.George Chickering was the youngest of the sons. He was highly educated and took over the company.. They are reviving interest in the clavichord and the music of Bach and others who wrote for the clavichord.

Decker & Sons

Myron A. Decker worked in the same shop as Albert Weber, going to work later for Boardman and Gray in New York. In 1858 State Fair, Decker received best piano exhibited. He was more concerned with design and build of an artistic piano than in making money. His son and grandson took over the Decker and Son company. Frank, son of Myron became president of the National Piano Manufacturers’ Association of America in 1908.

Erard

Sebastian Erard was from Strasburg, a very intelligent person with tools and inventions. He began working with a harpsichord maker in Paris. He learned and made instruments to assist him in building the harpsichord. He built a piano in 1777, superior to any other for the Duchess of Villeroy. With his brother Jean, they began building pianos. He was not a member of the piano guild but because of his friends in the French court of the king, he was given special permission to continue building pianos. The French Revolution drove him to London, but he did well there also. He copied the English with a square grand. Jean managed London office. Sebastian’s nephew Pierre became sole heir when jean and Sebastian died. Pierre received a patent in England for repetition or double escapement action, part of which Sebastian had attempted.The Erard pianos had brass agraffes which improved tone. This capo d’ astro was later patented by Pierre. When a good piano is established, the name on the fall board is never changed even if the founder is no longer connected with the firm. So is the name Erard.

Estey

Jacob Estey, born in New Hampshire, learned early to work hard. He worked on a farm but winters being harsh, many did inside projects. Jacob became a plumber, but later became famous in Vermont for his organs which were sent worldwide . A man named Fuller helped Estey. Jacob included his son in the Estey Organ Company.,They manufactured 1800 per month. They also made pianos of the same superior construction and workmanship as the organ. Julius was the son of Jacob and under his management began building large church organs. He had two sons who eventually came into the Estey Company.

Everett

The Sheraton grand is made by the Everett Company. This company was started in Boston by John Church who chose Everett as its name because of its simplicity. After many years of hard work the Everett piano is recognized as an artistic piano and the concert grands were used by leading virtuosos.

Fazioli

Fazioli Pianoforti quickly built a reputation for producing top tier pianos. At the relatively young age of 35, the Fazioli Pianoforti corporation is already considered to be one of the most prestigious piano makers in the world. Their F308 – a 308 cm (10’ 2”) grand piano – is the largest piano available on the general market. Prized for their incredible design and subsequent massive sound, Fazioli pianos have been showing up most recently in major piano competitions. Out of the last 6 winners of the 3 most prestigious piano competitions – the International Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw, the International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition in Moscow, and the Arthur Rubenstein International Piano Master Competition in Tel Aviv – 5 played on a Fazioli. Fazioli is a relatively small company, producing somewhere between 120 and 130 pianos a year, all hand made in Italy.

Fischer J&C

Carl Fischer came from Vienna. His sons came to New York in 1840. They founded J & C Fischer Company. Carl had been taught by his father. John wanted to return to Italy upon retirement. Charles and his four sons then became the company. Before the corporation in 1907, the business was producing 5000 pianos a year.

Gulbransen

The Gulbransen-Dickinson Company is known for its player piano. Dickinson was continually improving and simplifying the mechanism of the player piano.

Haines Brothers

Napoleon Haines and his brother Francis came to America from England when Napoleon was eight years old. At 15, he began learning the art of piano making and soon he and his brother started the Haines Brothers Piano business. They built two pianos per week. Later they built a factory where twenty pianos per week were built. Napoleon was an inventor and a very good businessman. After his death, the business merged with American Piano company who built the Haines Brothers Pianos.

Hallet and Davis

Hallet and Davis was first known in Boston as Brown and Hallet. Brown came from the Chickering Company where he had several patents for his work. After Davis died , the business continued with Kimball as president.

Hardman

Hugh Hardman came from England to New York City and became the first company to manufacture good commercial upright pianos. Later this became Hardman, Peck and Company.

Hazelton Brothers

Henry Hazelton began his piano business in New York where he maintained the respect and friendship of his competitors. He joined with his brother Frederick as F & H Hazelton, but later was joined by another brother John which brought about the name of Hazelton Brothers. The New York Knickerbacher aristocracy kept them in business.

Ivers & Pond

Ivers and Pond is one of the companies which maintained the traditions of famous Boston makers as they continued to produce pianos.

Kimball

William Wallace Kimball was born in Maine, and came to Chicago where he became a piano dealer. He soon became the largest piano dealer in the West. The Chicago fire of 1871 destroyed the warehouses. Kimball began again using his house and barn until he could rebuild. Hale of New York offered to lend him a large sum of money. E.S.Conway began working for Kimball. He traveled and eventually this gave Kimball the entire west for his territory. Kimball decided to manufacture his own pianos . He already built Kimball organs. Lufkin, a nephew, became manager of the manufacturing. They produce all parts of the piano, the player piano with music rolls, the parlor organ and the church organ.. When Kimball died, the business continued in able hands trained by Kimball.

Knabe

William Knabe was born in Germany , had an excellent education, but decided to learn the art of piano making. He came to Baltimore where he mastered English then went in business with Henry Gaehle. Gaehle eventually left the company. Knable was an excellent businessman also and he controlled the piano market of the southern states. The Civil War was a difficult time and the toll was Knabe’s life. His two sons, William and Ernest took over. William managed the factories and Ernest the business/financial side. Ernest borrowed $ 20,000 for six months with “nothing (as security) but the name of Knabe.” Without the loan many people would have been out of work. Ernest went north and west and within two months had enough sales to meet his needs. He did not need the loan. He opened branch manufactory houses. The pianos are prized for their superior construction and workmanship. William died suddenly just as the company was doing so well. Ernest took over double duties but this caused his death five years later. The business became a corporation which became the American Piano Company The “Nouveau Art” grand is an art piano of Knabe.

Kohler and Campbell

Charles Kohler began the Auto-Pneumatic Action Company in 1900 for making a reliable player action for the piano. Danquard helped Kohler and obatained a patent for the “flexible finger.” This means the wippen of the action is attached to the player mechanism. John Campbell was a factory organizer and business man. The two men worked together well.

Krakauer

Simon Krakauer from Germany was a violinist and orchestra conductor and manufactured pianos in America with his son. They pursued quality and musical tone. Daniel later joined the company and the name became Krakauer Brothers.

Kranich and Bach

This piano company in New York is known for meritorious pianos.

Lindeman

William Lindeman born in Germany, had to fight the prejudice toward German people when he came to New York and began piano making. His son, Henry,made the “cycloid” piano, a part grand and a part square piano.

Ludwig

He made pianos in New York.

Lyon & Healy

Healy was a thirteenth child of Irish parents who came to America when Patrick Joseph was ten. He worked the bellows for a church organ in Boston, and worked his way into the music publishing house. He was a systematic worker keeping good records, and statistics to guide him in his work. Healy had success in making guitars, mandolins and other instruments. His harp became notorious where orchestra music was played. He also produced church organs. After Healy died, his son took over the business and included the making of pianos.

Mason & Hamlin

The tension resonator for pianos was patented by Gertz but used by Mason and Hamlin in all grand pianos. Hamlin discovered the “voicing” of organ reeds. He joined Mason and together produced the “organ harmonium.” Their instruments are almost flawless. They produced the American Cabinet Organ which won highest honors at World’s Expositions. They built pianos of the highest quality.

Mathushek

An invention using downward striking actions in pianos was one in which time and talent was wasted. He patented a hammer-covering machine but it was too light in construction to make the heavy hammers needed for concert grand pianos. Mathushek also experimented with double soundboards. Also the thickness of the soundboard was checked for quality tone. Mathushek traveled through Germany and Austria observing piano making, ending up in Paris. He built an octagon “table piano.” He eventually came to New York becoming associated with Dunham where he drew a scale for overstrung square pianos. Here too he made a piano hammer-covering machine. The Mathushek Piano Company in Connecticut showed his best work. He invented the linear bridge and equalizing scale for his “Colibri” piano. He could produce a tone quality that no one else could achieve. He could play the piano well and detect the slightest imperfection. He strove to produce the ideal musical tone. His orchestral square grands came near to this desire.

Henry F. Miller

Very prominent in Boston was the Henry F. Miller and Sons Piano Company. Miller was a musician especially an organist. He made the successful “Miller” piano and his five sons joined him in the business. After his death the sons continued the business with improvement to the piano case.

Sohmer

Born in the Black Forest, Germany, Hugo Sohmer was educated in music. He came to New York at sixteen where he established the Sohmer and Company. He endeavored to produce an artistic instrument rather than producing quantities.

Starr

James S. and Benjamin Starr, brothers, obtained control of the piano business where they were employed and used the names Starr Piano Company. James eventually retired. Benjamin was over the manufacturing. He saw the small business expand to produce 18,000 pianos a year before he died.

Steck, George

Steck devoted his life to the improvement of the piano. Born in Germany, he studied the piano, coming to America where he started a factory. He opened Steck Hall in New York City where leading artists played his concert grand pianos. He was the best scale drawer. His pianos are of such solidity they have become know as the “school piano.” After retirement he desired to build a piano which would be permanently in tune. He died before achieving this goal.

Steinway

New York, 1855 World’s Fair saw the Steinway and Sons square grand piano with overstrung scale and full iron frame. It had overcome the metallic quality of tone. This design was eventually used by all American makers. Steinway and Sons patented this design.In making the covering for the hammers Steinway used 1 3/4 inch thick felt. With the hammer maker the felt is thinner and more uniform. Felt hammers flatten out with use. Steinway saturated the felt about half way up with a chemical solution which hardens the felt and thus prevents the flattening. This is still done today and is one of the major differences between New York and Hamburg Steinways.Steinway knew he must put music in front of people thus gaining sales for pianos. He built Steinway Hall in New York and in other cities of the United States where music was performed. At the White House in Washington, DC is the one hundred thousandth piano built by Steinway and Sons. It was given to President Roosevelt for the American people. The cost was about $ 20,000.00.Steinway and his three sons company progressed rapidly. Steinway built a factory in New York and would not permit any part of the factory to have any imperfection in it, so as his pianos.Two of his sons died and this took a toll on Steinway. He died in 1871 leaving a revered name. His oldest son took over the company. He was an inventive and constructive genius. He made the Centennial concert grand-duplex scale, bent rim case, cupola iron plate and action to lift the heavy felt covered hammer.A Steinway village began with the factories, iron foundry, and sawmills for building the pianos. Many honors have been awarded to the Steinway pianos. Those of the family who have the company now continue to improve the quality of the pianos.

Sterling

Charles Sterling took over the Birmingham Organ Company in 1871, formed the Sterling Company in 1873 and began producing pianos in 1885. This company was very successful in the player piano.

Stieff, Charles M.

Charles Stieff taught music but came to America from Stuttgart. He imported pianos from Germany to his warehouses in Baltimore. He returned to Europe where he studied the manufacture of Pianos, returning to Baltimore and began making the Stieff piano. When Stieff died his sons, taught by Stieff himself, took over the company. They have stores in most of the larger cities of the U.S. where their pianos are sold.

Story and Clark

Story was the music piano maker of the west. He began in Vermont, teaching music but then manufacturing pianos-the first in Vermont. He was offered an organ dealership in the west, which he took and met Clark in Chicago. Clark became a partner. When Story retired his son joined Clark and they began manufacturing reed organs. The company expanded . These organs were the highest in quality and tone. Clark began his own company, but Story continued in the piano business. They distributed their own pianos to their own warehouses throughout the U.S.

Vose and Sons

Vose began as a cabinet maker, and began making pianos after much experience in Boston. His three sons were brought into the business, and after Vose retired, continued to improve the company.

Weber and Company

The short grand was named by Albert Weber the “baby grand.” Weber Piano Company made building of art pianos a specialty. Albert Weber was born in Bavaria, came to America at sixteen where he apprenticed for piano making and taught music. He began his company at twenty three. His company building burned, but he continued by using the best workers and best talent to make his pianos. He became second to none especially for the musical tone. This was known as the “Weber tone.” His expert playing sold many pianos. He had a quick mind which averted many unpleasant situations. He worked at the company but enjoyed the night life of New York which all of this caused his early death.

Wing & Son

Forced back into the world of business after an acquaintance stole the majority of his retirement money, Luman Birch Wing started a piano manufacturing business in New York City with two partners, Doane and Cushing. Their infant enterprise was one of only fifty or so factories producing pianos immediately after the civil war, and the business officially became the Wing & Son Piano Manufacturing Company in 1873. Wing & Son was the first company to market ‘mail-order pianos’, shipping their instruments free of charge to just about anywhere in the U.S. with a train station. Wing & Son pianos, besides being high quality and often very decorative instruments, gained notoriety for equipping their pianos with five pedals – the two extra pedals changed the tone of the piano, one made it sound like a mandolin and the other gave the instrument a ‘rinky-tink’ sound commonly associated with a honky-tonk piano.

Wurlitzer

Rudolph Wurlitzer came from a family of musical instrument makers in Germany to New York then to Cincinnati where he imported instruments. His son came into the business. This company has become the largest manufacturer of mechanical instruments and player pianos with global connections.

Yamaha

Torahusu Yamaha began making musical instruments in 1880. In 1885 he made the first organ in Japan. The Japanese Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company patterned its pianos, organs and violins after American and German models. One of the sons of the owners of this company learned piano making in New York at the Estey factory.

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